The paper exhibits the sham plausibility of anthropological hedonism i.e. of he thesis 'all strive for their pleasure only'. This is shown to consist in tacit shift of quantifiers. Thus two thesisses expressed by one sentence a weak and innocuous one 'everyone strives only for what is pleasant to him' which is true but trivial and a strong and noxious one 'everyone strives only for what is pleasant to everyone', which is thrilling but false.

Young Michael Bakunin came from Priamuchin, Russia's heartland, into the mid-nineteenth century Western Europe's revolutionary scene and left an indelible trace in history. Europe brimming with social change, seemed to be ready for that seeker of new ideas: cultural, philosophical, religious, later the indomitable writer, propagandist and organizer of revolutionary upheavals one of the leader of what can be described in short as the counterculture of his times. The interest in Bakunin's ideas, later known as the founder of anarchism, and his tumultuous life, seem to be insatiable. Libraries of book were written about him, to mention only the latest trilogy by Tom Stoppard. To the authoress to read a new book about Bakunin, especially one coming form Poland, where he used to be almost a taboo for many years, held a special fascination.

In this article criticism of the belief of existential basis of the idea of guilt is presented: the belief that the idea of guilt can exist only owing the existential guilt. Additionally, a hypothesis is presented that it is rather denotation and not ontology that may be the basis or condition of this idea. The author concentrated predominantly on texts by Martin Heidegger and showed stands concerning guilt and donation therein. To justify the presented hypothesis he also addressed the works of Jean-Luc Marion. The issue of condition of the idea of guilt can be viewed in a light that the existential problem may remain detached from donation and the very phenomenology of donation needs to be supplemented with the category of guilt.

The Principle of Exemplification (the Principle of Instantiation) is a bone of contention between the Platonic doctrine of universalia ante rem and the Aristotelian theory of universalia in rebus. The paper discusses consequences, which seem to follow both form assertion and rejection of the principles(?) in question . As a result of this critical analysis the author presents: (i) a modal version of a moderate realism (ii) a preliminary account of basic ontological categories, which correspond to broadly Aristotelian view of universals.

In the article the author argues that discrimination of many people and nation by European colonialism through some last centuries was the reason of innumerable crimes and sufferance all over the world. That process he compares with a great destructive wave of tsunami. Today we can observe the opposite and negative reaction to those injustice in the past, namely it is the process of coming back wave of tsunami. i.e. coming back wave of revenge. Its source is quite deep and complicated because of enlarged areas of the world poverty. To be more clear it is impossible to avoid that revenge unless rich countries decide to replace military and economic domination by immense help. Better make medical services, schools and agriculture in miserable countries than guns and rockets.

The basic aim of this article is to show the philosophical development of Edith Stein - stages of the formation of her philosophy and influences which she as a philosopher, was subject to. Besides, another aim of this article it to shed light on Stein's philosophical method together with all the modification which this method underwent. A context to these studies is to progress of Stein's life to the extent to which it influenced her very philosophy.

The author presents the views of late Heidegger on language and analyses the role played by the language in the philosophical creation of the German philosopher after the so-called Turn. The article is based on the assumption that the conception of language of the late Heidegger allows us to understand better, what is the essence of language and on what does rely the conceptional part of the language in the process of the intercommunication of people and in the cognition and interpreting of the world.

Edward Stamm allots in his works on following realities: scientific reality, religious reality and reality of art. These are the basic areas, in which one should seek for real object. Objects can be real only if they belong to a given range. Each real object should be primary to all other object and it should be given directly. In general meaning objects are regarded as a real in whichever range i.e. logical amount (union) of objects belonging to scientific, religious, or art reality. Each range has its own purpose define as a steering-wheel .The steering-wheel of science is looking-ahead, idolatry of religion, and of art -isolation from certain acts of the will. Managerial Principles decide about fixture of object for a given range. Those principles consist of principle of identity, principle 'P' (causality), principle 'N' (result), principle 'S' (repercussion).

The article is concerned with the role of madness in the works of Nietzsche. The German philosopher saw many conceptions and human activities as manifestation of madness. These include: happiness, wisdom, truth, faith in god(s), purity, morality, debauchery, virtues, honesty, live, mercy, compassion, power, wealth, marriage, genius, super humanity, conformism, literary activity, idealism, nobility and some religious-philosophical conception. In the end also reason and will were for him symptoms of madness. According to him culture, art and development of civilization lead people to madness. In fact Nietzsche identifies madness with humanity.

The paper is a study designed for the teaching of the history of philosophy in Poland. It deals with the intellectual portrait of Stanislaw Staszic (1755-1826), a learned naturalist, socio-political writer and philosopher. Staszic philosophical views place him within the phliosophy of Enlightenment which, through its preference for empiricism, hence the natural and historical science, is reluctant to metaphysics. In fact, however, Staszic holds thesisses fundamental for Christian outlook, he rationalizes them, especially in the case of the naturalistic analysis of the development of religion. A special place in his writings is occupied by the philosophy of history. It is oriented at education and finds the dynamism of history in the ways one satisfies one's needs. Ethics and economic reflection remain under the influence of utilitarian tendencies of physiocracy in the form of an empirical analysis of laws of nature.

The subject matter of this dissertation includes the aspects of complex bodies i.e. mixed one in Aristotle's treaty 'On Coming-to-be and Passing-away'. The essence of the complex body is the formal cause updating it and indicating the state of the organization of elements, along with the material cause (elements). The essence form of a complex body differs form the essence form of its elements. Complex bodies are created by means of mixing elements. The mixture of the elements is a merger of its ingredients that have been mixed.