Abstrakt: The aim of this paper is a comparative analysis of the philosophy of Francis Herbert Bradley and the monistic philosophy of Parmenides of Elea. For many years, the general philosophical consciousness was dominated by the belief that the thought of the most important British idealist was in fact a form of Hegelianism. In this paper, I show that Bradley’s thought was actually more closely related to Eleatic philosophy than to Hegel’s philosophy. In the first part I show that both Parmenides and Bradley adopted a similar epistemological position, i.e. radical rationalism. I then point out that the monism of both Bradley and Parmenides was the most radical form of monism, which was rarely seen in the history of European philosophy. Finally, I show that both Parmenides and Bradley adopt a similar view of metaphysical idealism.

Abstract: The article discusses the state of research on the problem of the authorship of the Corpus Dionysiacum, with particular emphasis on the findings made by Michel van Esbroeck. The eminent orientalist returned to the thesis of Salva Nucubidze and Ernst Honigmann after discovering new sources relating to this issue and supporting the person of Peter the Iberian as the author. Given the role of the Corpus Dionysiacum in the history of Christianity, the question of the authorship of this collection is of great importance. Considering the arguments of the aforementioned researchers in the context of current knowledge indicates that Peter’s authorship, although unproven, remains probable.

**Abstract: **The aim of this article is to place the philosophical thought of Friedrich Hölderlin in relation to an essential problem of classical German philosophy – namely that of the relation between objective nature and subjective freedom. In the first part of the article, I note the reliance of Hölderlin philosophical thought on the context of the German philosophical situation contemporary to him. In the second part, I attempt to reconstruct the problem of dualism between nature and freedom in Kant’s Critiques, Fichte’s early theory of knowledge and Schelling’s early writings. Subsequently, I present the limitations connected to the latter two thinkers proposed solutions to the problem, which Hölderlin attempts to overcome in his own thought. The third part consists of a detailed analysis of three early texts by the philosopher, written in the years 1794–1795, on the basis of which I point at the development of their author’s thought from the problematic of practical philosophy towards an ontology of nature. Relating those two orders within a monistic concept of philosophy, which is accessible only through aesthetic intellectual intuition is Hölderlin’s original input into classical German philosophy, profoundly influencing its later development.

Abstrakt: W pierwszej części artykułu analizuję poglądy markiza de Sade’a na umowę społeczną i jego wizję stanu natury. Jego zdaniem ludzie z natury są bowiem okrutni i egoistyczni, a w dodatku rodzą się w stanie wojny ze wszystkimi innymi. Uspołecznienie nie poprawia jednak tej sytuacji, ponieważ prowadzi ono jedynie do rozwarstwienia społecznego i skrajnie nierównego rozkładu sił. Dlatego jedynym korzystnym dla ludzi wyjściem byłby powrót do stanu natury. W drugiej części opisuję wizje utopii i antyutopii w powieści de Sade’a Alina i Valcour. Antyutopią jest państwo Butua, rządzone według praw natury, zaś utopią – Tamoé, gdzie wszyscy obywatele są równi – zarówno wobec prawa, jak i majątkiem. Ostatnia część poświęcona jest poglądom de Sade’a na rewolucję francuską, które najpełniej wyraził on w pamflecie Francuzi, jeszcze jeden wy- siłek, jeżeli chcecie stać się republikanami! Jego zdaniem państwo republikańskie powstało dzięki zbrodni, dlatego po rewolucji nie jest możliwy powrót do prawa i moralności – państwo takie musi być oparte na bezprawiu, amoralności i zbrodniczości. Dla de Sade’a prawdziwa rewolucja ma miejsce jedynie wtedy, gdy stara władza i stare prawa zostaną obalone, a nowe nie zostaną jeszcze powołane – jest ona stanem ciągłego ruchu i wzburzenia.

Abstract: In this, article the possibility of using the “taking on the role of a witness to evil” method as

a didactic tool in civic education has been discused. The starting point are the postulates of civic edu- cation proposed by Martha C. Nussbaum and the Third Wave experiment conducted by Ron Jones.

Based on the report from the implementation of this didactic experiment, the author made a moral

assessment of the use of such a method and other potential ways of teaching civil disobedience by con- fronting students with evil that they should oppose, in relation to the postulates of teaching ethics, as

well as the ethics of conducting scientific research with the participation of human beings.

Abstract: This paper is a reflection on a recent project that was conducted using the Philosophy for Children (P4C) pedagogy to explore issues of climate justice with young people. Taking place in 2022 and 2023, the project, entitled Fierce Close, aimed to use the Community of Philosophical Inquiry as a space for young people to identify concepts germane to their experience of the climate crisis and formulate questions about these ideas that they answered together. At the end of the project, the participants created a podcast informed by their philosophical inquiries, now available as two “seasons.” While it is true that Ann Margaret Sharp, in particular, allowed everything from “dance” to “creative work” as an emergent product of inquiry, the relationship between outputs and inquiry itself can become strained. Matthew Lipman characterized inquiry through the analogy of a “boat tacking in the wind,” a kind of free progress towards a temporary destination. In this paper, we reflect on our experience of designing P4C projects that should result in a particular creative outcome and their relationship to the notionally “free space” of inquiry.